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%read template notes again and adjust
%askubuntu analyse, stackexchange.com/sites anschauen was noch analyse
This section first shows what StackExchange is, how it developed since its inception, and, how it works. Next, this section shows previous and related work. %TODO more
% first look at how stackexchange works in vackgeound section
%
\section{Background}
StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is a community question and answering (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community-driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchangeplatform are publicly visible and accessible for web search engines allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answers posted creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into.
StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is a community question and answering (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community-driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchange platform are publicly visible and accessible for web search engines allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answers posted, creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into.
Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008 \cite{atwood2008stack}.
Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics \cite{stackexchangetour}, for instance, programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url {https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and typesetting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url {https://tex.stackexchange.com}}).
Questions on StackExchange are stated in natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information need, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropriate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answers are then marked as such and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically represent the quality of the respective question or answers. Answers with a high score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also influences a user's reputation \cite{stackexchangetour, movshovitz2013analysis}. When a post (question or answers) is voted upon the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted \cite{stackoverflowvotedown}.
Reputation on StackExchange indicates how trustworthy a user is. To gain a high reputation value a user has to invest a lot of time and effort to reach a high reputation value by asking good questions and posting good answers to questions. Reputation also unlocks privileges which may differ slightly from one community to another \cite{stackoverflowprivileges, mathoverflowprivileges}.
With privileges, users can, for instance, create new tags, cast votes on closing or reopening questions, or even get access to moderation tools.
StackExchange also employs a badge system to steer the community \cite{stackoverflowbadges}. Some badges can be obtained by performing one time actions, for instance, reading the tour page, or by performing certain actions multiple times, for instance, editing and answering the same question within 12 hours.
StackExchange also employs a badge system to steer the community \cite{stackoverflowbadges}. Some badges can be obtained by performing one-time actions, for instance, reading the tour page, or by performing certain actions multiple times, for instance, editing and answering the same question within 12 hours.
Furthermore, users can comment on every question and answer. This can be used for further clarifying an answer or a short discussion on a question or answer.
For each community on StackExchange, a ``Meta'' page is offered where members of the respective community can discuss the associated community \cite{stackoverflowmeta, mamykina2011design}. This place is used by site admins to interact with the community. The Meta pages are also used for proposing and voting on new features and reporting bugs. These Meta pages run the same software as the CQA pages so users vote the ideas and suggestions in the same way they would do on the actual CQA sites.
For each community on StackExchange, a ``Meta'' page is offered where members of the respective community can discuss the associated community \cite{stackoverflowmeta, mamykina2011design}. This place is used by site admins to interact with the community. The Meta pages are also used for proposing and voting on new features and reporting bugs. These Meta pages run the same software as the CQA pages so users on vote the ideas and suggestions in the same way they would do on the actual CQA sites.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.47]{figures/stackoverflow_example_post}
@@ -52,15 +57,22 @@ For each community on StackExchange, a ``Meta'' page is offered where members of
Since the introduction of Web 2.0 and the subsequential spawning of platforms for social interaction, researchers started investigating the emerging online communities. The Social Sciences focus on the interactions of users on various platforms. Community knowledge platforms are of special interest, for instance, StackExchange \cite{}, Quora \cite{}, Reddit \cite{lin2017better, chandrasekharan2017you}, Yahoo! Answers \cite{bian2008finding}, and Wikipedia \cite{yazdanian2019eliciting}. %TODO add refs
%TODO more text here
% DENE How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
These platforms allow communication over large distances and facilitate fast and easy knowledge exchange and aquisition. They connect thousands or even millions of users and create valuable repositories of knowledge. However, not every piece of information is factual \cite{bian2008finding} and platforms often employ some kind of moderation to keep up the value of the platform.
%allow communitcation over large distances
%fast and easy knowledge exchange
%many answers to invaluable \cite{bian2008finding}
% DONE How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
% DONE The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise
All these communities differ in their usage. Wikipedia is a community driven-knowledge repository where articles are created and edited collaboratively. Reddit represents a platform for social interaction. Quora, StackExchange, and Yahoo! Answers are CQA platforms. On Quora and Yahoo! Answers users can ask any question regarding any topics whereas on StackExchange users have to post their questions in the appropriate subcommunity, for instance, StackOverflow or MathOverflow. CQA sites are very effective at code review \cite{treude2011programmers}. Code may be understood in the traditional sense of source code in programming related fields but this also translates to other fields, for instance, mathematics where formulas represent code. CQA sites are also very effective at solving conceptual questions. This is due to the fact that people have different areas of knowledge and expertise \cite{robillard1999role} and due to the large user base established CQA sites have which again increases the variety of users.
All these communities differ in their design. Wikipedia is a community-driven knowledge repository where articles are created and edited collaboratively. Reddit is a platform for social interaction where users create posts and comment on other posts or comments. Quora, StackExchange, and Yahoo! Answers are community questions and answer (CQA) platforms. On Quora and Yahoo! Answers users can ask any question regarding any topics whereas on StackExchange users have to post their questions in the appropriate subcommunity, for instance, StackOverflow for programming related questions or MathOverflow for math related questions. CQA sites are very effective at code review \cite{treude2011programmers}. Code may be understood in the traditional sense of source code in programming related fields but this also translates to other fields, for instance, mathematics where formulas represent code. CQA sites are also very effective at solving conceptual questions. This is due to the fact that people have different areas of knowledge and expertise \cite{robillard1999role} and due to the large user base established CQA sites have, which again increases the variety of users.
Despite the differences in purpose and manifestation of these communities, they are social communities and they have to follow certain laws.
In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design`` \cite{kraut2012building} Kraut lie out five equally important criteria online platforms have to fulfill in order to thrive. 1) When starting a community has to have a critical mass of users who create content. StackOverflow already had a critical mass of users from the beginning due to the StackOverflow team already being experts in the domain \cite{mamykina2011design} and the private beta \cite{atwood2008stack}. Both aspects ensured a strong community core early on.
2) The platform must attract new users to grow as well as to replace leaving users. Depending on the type of community new users should bring certain skills, for example, programming background in open source software, or extended knowledge on certain domains; or qualities, for example, a certain illness in medical communities. New users also bring the challenge of onboarding with them. They will not be familiar with all the rules and nuances of the community. %TODO add ref
3) The platform should encourage users to commit to the community. Online communities are often based on voluntary of their users \cite{ipeirotis2014quizz}, hence the platform has to ensure users are willing to stay. Most platforms do not have contracts with their users, so users should see benefits for staying with the community. 4) Contribution by users to the community should be encouraged. Content generation and engagement are the backbone of an online community. 5) The community needs regulation to sustain the community. Not every user in a community is interested in the well being of the community. Therefore, every community has to deal with trolls and inappropriate or even destructive behavior. Rules need to be established and enforced to limit and mitigate the damage malicious users cause.
3) The platform should encourage users to commit to the community. Online communities are often based on voluntary of their users \cite{ipeirotis2014quizz}, hence the platform has to ensure users are willing to stay. Most platforms do not have contracts with their users, so users should see benefits for staying with the community. 4) Contribution by users to the community should be encouraged. Content generation and engagement are the backbone of an online community. 5) The community needs regulation to sustain the community. Not every user in a community is interested in the wellbeing of the community. Therefore, every community has to deal with trolls and inappropriate or even destructive behavior. Rules need to be established and enforced to limit and mitigate the damage malicious users cause.
%new structure:
% list community knowledge platforms
@@ -85,7 +97,7 @@ One-day-flies may partially be a result of lurking. Lurking is consuming content
The StackOverflow team acknowledged the one-time-contributors problem \cite{silge2019welcome, hanlon2018stack} and took efforts to make the site more welcoming to new users \cite{friend2018rolling}. They lied out various reasons: Firstly, they send mixed messages whether the site is an expert site or for everyone.
Secondly, they gave too little guidance to new users which resulted in the unwelcoming behavior of more integrated users towards the new users. New users do not know all the rules and nuances of communication of the communities. An example is that ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` is not well received on the site as they are deemed unnecessary. Also the quality, clearness and language quality of the questions of new users is lower than more experienced users which leads to unwelcoming or even toxic answers and comments. Moreover, users who gained moderation tool access could close questions with predefined reasons which are often not meaningful enough for the poster of the question\cite{hanlon2013war}. Thirdly, marginalized groups, for instance, women and people of color \cite{hanlon2018stack, stackoversurvey2019, ford2016paradise}, are more likely to drop out of the community due to unwelcoming behavior from other users \cite{hanlon2018stack}. They feel the site is an elitist and hostile place.
The team suggested several steps to mitigate these problems. Some of these steps include appealing to the users to be more welcoming and forgiving towards new users \cite{spolsky2012kicking, hanlon2018stack, silge2019welcome}, other steps are geared towards changes to the platform itself: The ''Be nice`` policy (code of conduct) was updated with feedback from the community \cite{jaydles2014the}. This includes: new users should not be judged for not knowing all things. Furthermore, the closing reasons were updated to be more meaningful to the poster, and questions that are closed are shown as ''on hold`` instead of ''closed`` for the first 5 days \cite{hanlon2013war}. Furthermore, the team investigates how the comment sections can be improved to lessen the unwelcomingness and hostility and keep the civility up.
The team suggested several steps to mitigate these problems. Some of these steps include appealing to the users to be more welcoming and forgiving towards new users \cite{spolsky2012kicking, hanlon2018stack, silge2019welcome}, other steps are geared towards changes to the platform itself: The ''Be nice`` policy (code of conduct) was updated with feedback from the community \cite{jaydles2014the}. This includes: new users should not be judged for not knowing all things. Furthermore, the closing reasons were updated to be more meaningful to the poster, and questions that are closed are shown as ''on hold`` instead of ''closed`` for the first 5 days \cite{hanlon2013war}. Furthermore, the team investigates how the comment sections can be improved to lessen the unwelcomeness and hostility and keep the civility up.
The StackOverflow team partnered with \citeauthor{ford2018we} and implemented the Mentorship Research Project \cite{ford2018we, hanlon2017mentorship}. The project lasted one month and aimed to help newcomers improve their first questions before they are posted publicly. When a user is about to post a question the user is asked whether they want their question to be reviewed. If they confirmed they are forward to a help room with a mentor who is an experienced user. The question is then reviewed and the mentor suggests some changes if applicable. These changes may include narrowing the question for more precise answers, adding or adjusting code, or removing of ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` from the question. After the review and editing, the question is posted by the user. The authors found that mentored questions are received significantly better by the community than non-mentored questions. The questions also received higher scores and were less likely to be off-topic and poor in quality. Furthermore, newcomers are more comfortable when their question is reviewed by a mentor.
This project does not scale very well as the number of mentors is very limited but it gave the authors an idea on how to pursue their goal of increasing the welcomingness of StackExchange. The project is followed up by a ''Ask a question wizard`` to help new as well as more experienced users improve the structure, quality, and clearness of their questions \cite{friend2018rolling}.
@@ -107,8 +119,8 @@ This project does not scale very well as the number of mentors is very limited b
Unwelcomingness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{friend2018rolling, hanlon2018stack, ford2016paradise}. %TODO maybe more refs
Although unwelcomingness affects all new users, users from marginalized groups suffer significantly more \cite{vasilescu2014gender, hanlon2018stack}. \citeauthor{ford2016paradise} investigated barriers users face when contributing to StackOverflow. The authors identified 14 barriers in total hindering newcomers to contribute and five barriers were rated significantly more problematic for women than men.
Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{friend2018rolling, hanlon2018stack, ford2016paradise}. %TODO maybe more refs
Although unwelcomeness affects all new users, users from marginalized groups suffer significantly more \cite{vasilescu2014gender, hanlon2018stack}. \citeauthor{ford2016paradise} investigated barriers users face when contributing to StackOverflow. The authors identified 14 barriers in total hindering newcomers to contribute and five barriers were rated significantly more problematic for women than men.
On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015 \cite{stackoversurvey2015}, 7.9\% 2019 \cite{stackoversurvey2019}) of active users identify as women. \citeauthor{david2008community} found similar results of 5\% women in ''Community-based production of open-source software`` \cite{david2008community}. These numbers are comparatively small to the number of degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) \cite{clark2005women} where 20\% are achieved by women \cite{hill2010so}. Despite the difference, the percentage of women on StackOverflow has increased.
%discrimitation
@@ -124,7 +136,7 @@ On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015 \cite{stackoversurvey2015}, 7.9\% 2019 \cite{s
\subsection{Keeping users engaged, contributing and well behaved}
Reputation plays a big role on StackExchange and indicates the credibility of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the biggest chunk of all questions is posted by low-reputated users, high-reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answer is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top-reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analyzing the StackOverflow community network experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after they registered. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior.
Reputation plays a big role on StackExchange and indicates the credibility of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the biggest chunk of all questions is posted by low-reputated users, high-reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answer is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally, and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top-reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analyzing the StackOverflow community, network experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after they registered. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior.
Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advantages to gain reputation faster by gaming the system \cite{bosu2013building}. \citeauthor{bosu2013building} analyzed the reputation system and found five strategies: Firstly, answering questions with tags that have a small expertise density. This reduces competitiveness against other users and increases the chance of upvotes and answer acceptance. Secondly, questions should be answered promptly. The question asker will most likely accept the first arriving answer that solves the question. This is also supported by \cite{anderson2012discovering}. Thirdly, answering first also gives the user an advantage over other answerers. Fourthly, activity during off-peak hours reduces the competition from other users. Finally, contributing to the diverse areas will also help in developing a higher reputation.
% DONE Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question
@@ -136,9 +148,9 @@ Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advant
% DONE Design Lessons from the Fastest Q&A Site in the West \cite{mamykina2011design} understanding SO success, 1) productive competition (gamification reputation), 2) founders were already experts on site the created (ensured success early on, founders involved in community not external), 3) meta page for discussion and voting on features (same mechanics as on SO page)
Complementary to reputation system StackOverflow also employs a badge system \cite{stackoverflowbadges} to stimulate contributions by users \cite{cavusoglu2015can}. The goal of badges is to keep users engaged with the community \cite{li2012quantifying}. Therefore, badges are often used in a gamification setting where users contribute to the community and are rewarded for their behavior if it alines with the requirements of the badges. Badges are visible in questions and answers as well as the profile page of the user and can be earned by performing certain actions. Badges are often seen as a steering mechanism by researchers \cite{yanovsky2019one, kusmierczyk2018causal, anderson2013steering}. Although users want to achieve badges and are therefore steered to perform certain actions, steering also occurs in the reputation system. However, badges allow a wider variety of goals, for instance, asking and answering questions, voting on questions and answers, or writing higher quality answers.
Complementary to the reputation system StackOverflow also employs a badge system \cite{stackoverflowbadges} to stimulate contributions by users \cite{cavusoglu2015can}. The goal of badges is to keep users engaged with the community \cite{li2012quantifying}. Therefore, badges are often used in a gamification setting where users contribute to the community and are rewarded for their behavior if it alignes with the requirements of the badges. Badges are visible in questions and answers as well as the profile page of the user and can be earned by performing certain actions. Badges are often seen as a steering mechanism by researchers \cite{yanovsky2019one, kusmierczyk2018causal, anderson2013steering}. Although users want to achieve badges and are therefore steered to perform certain actions, steering also occurs in the reputation system. However, badges allow a wider variety of goals, for instance, asking and answering questions, voting on questions and answers, or writing higher quality answers.
Badges also work as a motivator for users \cite{anderson2013steering}. Users often put in non-trivial amounts of work and effort to achieve badges and so badges become powerful incentives. However, not all users are equal and therefore do not pursue badges in the same way \cite{yanovsky2019one}. Contrary to \cite{anderson2013steering}, \citeauthor{yanovsky2019one} \cite{yanovsky2019one} found that users do not necessarily increase their activity prior to achieving a badge followed by an immediate decrease in contribution thereafter but users behave differently based on their type of contribution. The authors found users can be categorized into 3 groups: Firstly, some users are not affected at all by the badge system and still contribute a lot to the community. Secondly, users increase their activity too before gaining a badge and keep their level of contribution afterward. Finally, users increase their activity before achieving a badge and return to their previous level of engagement thereafter.
Different badges also create status classes \cite{immorlica2015social}. The rarer a badge can be earned by users the more unique it is in the community and therefore the badge symbolizes some sort of status. Often rare badges are hard to achieve and take significant effort. For some users, depending on their type, this can be a huge motivator.
Different badges also create status classes \cite{immorlica2015social}. The harder a badge can be earned by users, the more unique it is in the community and therefore the badge symbolizes some sort of status. Often rare badges are hard to achieve and take significant effort. For some users, depending on their type, this can be a huge motivator.
\citeauthor{kusmierczyk2018causal} found first-time badges play an important role in steering users \cite{kusmierczyk2018causal}. The steering effect only takes place if the benefit to the user is greater than the effort the user has to put into to obtain the badge. If the effort is greater the user will likely not pursue the badge and therefore the steering effect will not occur.
@@ -153,7 +165,7 @@ Different badges also create status classes \cite{immorlica2015social}. The rare
% DONE Steering user behavior with badges \cite{anderson2013steering} # all abount badges, steering users, motivation, user may put in non trivial amounts of work to achieve badges -> powerful incentives, badges used in multiple ways (steer users to ask/answer more questions, voting, etc.)
Quality is often a concern in online communities. Platform moderators and admins want to keep a certain level of quality or even raise it. However, higher-quality posts take more time and effort than lower-quality posts. In the case of CQA platforms, this is an even bigger problem as higher quality posts fight against fast responses. Despite that, StackOverflow also has a problem with low quality and effort questions and subsequent unwelcoming answers and comments \cite{silge2019welcome}. StackOverflow has grown into a large community and larger communities are harder to control. \citeauthor{lin2017better} investigated how growth affects a community. They looked at Reddit communities that were added to the default set of subscribed communities of every new user (defaulting) which resulted in a huge influx of new users to these communities as a result. The authors found that contrary to expectations, the quality stays largely the same. The vote score dips shortly after defaulting but quickly recovers or even raises to higher levels than before. The complaints of low-quality content did not increase and the language used in the community stayed the same. However, the community clustered around fewer posts than before defaulting.
Quality is often a concern in online communities. Platform moderators and admins want to keep a certain level of quality or even raise it. However, higher-quality posts take more time and effort than lower-quality posts. In the case of CQA platforms, this is an even bigger problem as higher quality posts fight against fast responses. Despite that, StackOverflow also has a problem with low quality and effort questions and subsequent unwelcoming answers and comments \cite{silge2019welcome}. StackOverflow has grown into a large community and larger communities are harder to control. \citeauthor{lin2017better} investigated how growth affects a community. They looked at Reddit communities that were added to the default set of subscribed communities of every new user (defaulting) which resulted in a huge influx of new users to these communities as a result. The authors found that contrary to expectations, the quality stays largely the same. The vote score dips shortly after defaulting but quickly recovers or even raises to higher levels than before. The complaints of low-quality content did not increase, and the language used in the community stayed the same. However, the community clustered around fewer posts than before defaulting.
\citeauthor{tausczik2011predicting} found reputation is linked to the perceived quality of posts in multiple ways \cite{tausczik2011predicting}. They suggest reputation could be used as an indicator of quality.
Quality also depends on the type of platform. \cite{lin2017better} showed that expert sites who charge fees, for instance, library reference services, have higher quality answers compared to free sites. Also, the higher the fee the higher the quality of the answers. However, free community sites outperform expert sites in terms of answer density and responsiveness.

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@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ StackExchange provides anonymized data dumps of all their communities for resear
% broken entries, missing user id
% answers in html -> strip html and remove code sections, no contribution to sentiment
After preprocessing the raw data, relevant data is filtered and computed. Questions and answers in the data are mixed together and have to be separated and answers have to be linked to their questions. Also, questions do not have the \emph{new contributor} indicator attached to them and neither do users. So, the first contribution date and time of users have to calculated via the creation dates of the questions and answers the user has posted. Then, questions are filtered per user and by whether they are created within the 7-day window after the first contribution of the user. These questions were created during the period where the \emph{new contributor} indicator would have been displayed, in case the questions had been posted before the change, or has been displayed after the change. From these questions, all answers which arrived within the 7-day window are considered for the analysis. Answers which arrived at a later point are excluded as the answerer most likely has not seen the disclaimer shown in figure \ref{newcontributor}. Included answers are then analyzed with Vader and the resulting sentiments are stored.
After preprocessing the raw data, relevant data is filtered and computed. Questions and answers in the data are mixed together and have to be separated and answers have to be linked to their questions. Also, questions in these datasets do not have the \emph{new contributor} indicator attached to them and neither do users. So, the first contribution date and time of users have to be calculated via the creation dates of the questions and answers the user has posted. Then, questions are filtered per user and by whether they are created within the 7-day window after the first contribution of the user. These questions were created during the period where the \emph{new contributor} indicator would have been displayed, in case the questions had been posted before the change, or has been displayed after the change. From these questions, all answers which arrived within the 7-day window are considered for the analysis. Answers which arrived at a later point are excluded as the answerer most likely has not seen the disclaimer shown in figure \ref{newcontributor}. Included answers are then analyzed with Vader and the resulting sentiments are stored.
% calc sentiment for answers
% questions do not have a tag if from a new contribtor -> calc first contributor

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@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ New users asked 57636 questions with an average of 1.112 questions per new user
\end{figure}
\section{tex.stackexchange.com}
tex.stackexchange.com is a rather small community for TEX and related type setting systems.
tex.stackexchange.com is a rather small community for TEX and related typesetting systems.
The community has 171867 registered users of which 3280 were active in February of 2020.
Members asked 188860 questions in total and gave 227875 answers with an average answer density of 1.206 answers per question.
New users asked 59692 questions with an average of 1.191 questions per new user during their first week after registration.