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@@ -52,10 +52,11 @@ For each community on StackExchange a ``Meta'' page is offered where members of
Since the introduction of Web 2.0 and the subsquential spawning of platforms for social interaction, researchers started investigating the emerging online communities. The Social Sciences focus on the interactions of users on various platforms. Community knowledge platforms are of special intrest, for instance, StackExchange \cite{}, Quora \cite{}, Reddit \cite{lin2017better, chandrasekharan2017you}, Yahoo! Answers \cite{bian2008finding}, and Wikipedia \cite{yazdanian2019eliciting}. %TODO add refs
%TODO more text here
% How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
% The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise
% DENE How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
% DONE The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise
All these communities differ in their usage. Wikipedia is a community driven knowledge repository where articles are created and edited collaboratively. Reddit represents a platform for social interaction. Quora, StackExchange and Yahoo! Answers are CQA platforms. On Quora and Yahoo! Answers users can ask any question reguarding any topics whereas on StackExchange users have to post their questions in the appropiate subcommunity, for instance StackOverflow or MathOverflow. CQA site are very efficitive at code review \cite{treude2011programmers}. Code may be understood in the traditional sense of source code in programming related fields but this also translates to other fields, for instance, mathematics where formulas represent code. CQA sites are also very effective at solving conceptual questions. This is due to the fact that people have different areas of knowledge and expertise \cite{robillard1999role} and to the large user base established CQA sites have which increases the variety of users.
All these communities differ in their usage. Wikipedia is a community driven knowledge repository where articles are created and edited collaboratively. Reddit represents a platform for social interaction. Quora, StackExchange and Yahoo! Answers are CQA platforms. On Quora and Yahoo! Answers users can ask any question reguarding any topics whereas on StackExchange users have to post their questions in the appropiate subcommunity, for instance StackOverflow or MathOverflow.
Despite the differences in purpose and manifestation of these communities they are social communities and they have to follow certian laws.
In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design`` \cite{kraut2012building} Kraut \etal lie out five equally important criteria online platforms have to fullfill in order to thrive. 1) When starting a community has to have a critical mass of users who create content. StackOverflow already had a critical mass of users from the begining due to StackOverflow team already being experts in the domain \cite{mamykina2011design} and the private beta \cite{atwood2008stack}. Both aspects ensured a strong community core early on.
2) The platform must attract new users to grow as well as to replace leaving users. Depending on the type of the community new users should bring certain skills, for example, programming background in open source software, or extended knowledge on certain domains; or qualities, for example, a certain illness in medical communities. New users also bring the challenge of onboarding with them. They will not be familiar with all the rules and nuances of the community. %TODO add ref
@@ -73,10 +74,13 @@ In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social
All these criteria are heavily intertwined, so for the purposes of this thesis, these criteria can be grouped into two main categries: 1) onboaring of new users, 2) keeping users engaged, contributing, and well behaved.
\subsection{Onboarding of new users}
The onboarding process is a permanent challenge for online communities. The onboarding process differs from one platform to another. \Citeauthor{slag2015one} \etal investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once. They suggest that code example quatilty is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discorages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community \cite{silge2019welcome}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming.
The onboarding process is a permanent challenge for online communities. The onboarding process differs from one platform to another. \citeauthor{slag2015one} \etal investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once. They suggest that code example quatilty is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discorages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community \cite{silge2019welcome}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming.
One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} \etal investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified serveral social barriers preventing newcomers to place their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open source projects hindering them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challanges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles \cite{sizeofwikipedia} and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activty which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal proposed a solution by establishing a framework which automatically creates questionaires to fill this gap. This also helps matching new contributors with more experienced contributors.
One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} \etal investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified serveral social barriers preventing newcomers to place their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open source projects hindering them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challanges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles \cite{sizeofwikipedia} and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activty which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal proposed a solution by establishing a framework which automatically creates questionaires to fill this gap. This also helps matching new contributors with more experienced contributors.
\citeauthor{allen2006organizational} showed that the one-time-contributers phenomenon also translates to work places and organizations \cite{allen2006organizational}. They found out that socialization with other members of an organization plays an important role in turnover. The better the socialization within the organization the less likely newcomers are to leave. This socialization process has to be actively persued by the organization.
One-day-flies may partially be a result of lurking. Lurking is consuming content generated by a community but not contribution content to it. \citeauthor{nonnecke2006non} investigated lurking behavior on Microsoft Network (MSN) \cite{nonnecke2006non}. They found that contrary to what previous studies lurking is not neccessarily bad behavior. Lurkers show a passive behavior and are more introverted and less optimistic than actively posting members of a community. Previous studies suggested lurking is free riding, a taking rather than giving process. However, the authors found that lurking is important in getting to know a community, how a coummunity works and learning the nuances of social interactions on the platform. This allows for better integration into the community when a person joins the community. StackExchange, especially the StackOverflow community, probably has a large lurking audience. Many programmers do not register on the site and those who do only ask one question and revert to lurking, as suggested by \cite{slag2015one}.
% DONE Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior \cite{nonnecke2006non} about lurking, many programmers do that probably, not even registering, lurking not a bad behavior but observing, lurkers are more introverted, passive behavior, less optimistic and positive than posters, prviously lurking was thought of free riding, not contributing, taking not giving to comunity, important for getting to know a community, better integration when joining
The StackOverflow team acknowledged the one-time-contributors problem \cite{silge2019welcome, hanlon2018stack} and took efforts to make the site more welcoming to new users \cite{friend2018rolling}. They lied out various reasons: Firstly, they send mixed messages whether the site is an expert site or for everyone.
@@ -121,7 +125,9 @@ On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015 \cite{stackoversurvey2015}, 7.9\% 2019 \cite{s
\subsection{Keeping users engaged, contributing and well behaved}
Repuatation plays a big role on StackExchange and indicates the credability of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the biggest chunk of all questions are posted by low reputated users, high reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions, or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answers is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} \etal found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analysing the StackOverflow community network experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after they registered. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior.
Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advantages to gain repuatation faster by gaming the system \cite{bosu2013building}. \citeauthor{bosu2013building} analysed the reputation system and found five strategies: Firstly, answering question with tags that have a small expertise density. This reduces competitiveness against other users and increases the chance of upvotes and answer acceptance. Secondly, questions should be answered promptly. The question asker will most likely accept the first arriving answer that solves the question. Thirdly, answering first also gives the user an advanteage over other answerers. Fourthly, activity during off-peak hours reduces the competition from other users. Finally, contributing to the diverse areas will also helps in developing a higher reputation.
Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advantages to gain repuatation faster by gaming the system \cite{bosu2013building}. \citeauthor{bosu2013building} analysed the reputation system and found five strategies: Firstly, answering question with tags that have a small expertise density. This reduces competitiveness against other users and increases the chance of upvotes and answer acceptance. Secondly, questions should be answered promptly. The question asker will most likely accept the first arriving answer that solves the question. This is also supported by \cite{anderson2012discovering}. Thirdly, answering first also gives the user an advanteage over other answerers. Fourthly, activity during off-peak hours reduces the competition from other users. Finally, contributing to the diverse areas will also helps in developing a higher reputation.
% DONE Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question
% reputation
% DONE On the personality traits of stackoverflow users \cite{bazelli2013personality} analyzing personality traits, top reputated users are more extroverted than less reputated users
@@ -161,14 +167,14 @@ Quality also depends on on the type of the platform. \cite{lin2017better} showed
% other
% Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question
% DONE Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question
% DONE Quizz: Targeted Crowdsourcing with a Billion (Potential) Users \cite{ipeirotis2014quizz} many online comunities based on volutarty of users not paid workers
% DONE Design Lessons from the Fastest Q&A Site in the West \cite{mamykina2011design} understanding SO success, 1) productive competition (gamification reputation), 2) founders were already experts on site the created (ensured success early on, founders involved in community not external), 3) meta page for discussion and voting on features (same mechanics as on SO page)
% How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
% The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise
% DONE How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
% DONE The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise
% Finding the Right Facts in the Crowd: Factoid Question Answering over Social Media \cite{bian2008finding}, about Yahoo! Answers, finding factual answers by using available data on user interaction
% No Country for Old Members: User Lifecycle and Linguistic Change in Online Communities \cite{danescu2013no}
% Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior \cite{nonnecke2006non} about lurking, many programmers do that probably, not even registering, lurking not a bad behavior but observing, lurkers are more introverted, passive behavior, less optimistic and positive than posters, prviously lurking was thought of free riding, not contributing, taking not giving to comunity, important for getting to know a community, better integration when joining
% DONE Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior \cite{nonnecke2006non} about lurking, many programmers do that probably, not even registering, lurking not a bad behavior but observing, lurkers are more introverted, passive behavior, less optimistic and positive than posters, prviously lurking was thought of free riding, not contributing, taking not giving to comunity, important for getting to know a community, better integration when joining
% A comprehensive survey and classification of approaches for community question answering \cite{srba2016comprehensive}, meta study on papers published between 2005 and 2014

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%% ... it's OK to put here your own usepackage commands ...
\usepackage{natbib}
%\usepackage{natbib}
%% ========================================================================
%%%% MISC self-defined commands and settings
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%% ... it's OK to put here your own newcommand/newenvironment-definitions ...
\newcommand{\etal}{et~al.~}
\newcommand{\citeauthor}[1]{\textbf{FIXAUTHOR}}