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@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ This section is divided into three parts. The first part explains what StackExch
StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is a community question and answering (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers as an appropriate solution to the question, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community-driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchange platform are publicly visible, allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. Posts are also accessible for web search engines so users can find questions and answers easily with a simple web search. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answers posted, creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into.
Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008\footnote{\label{atwood2008stack}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2008/08/01/stack-overflow-private-beta-begins/}}. Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics\footnote{\label{stackexchangetour}\url{https://stackexchange.com/tour}}, for instance, programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url{https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and typesetting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url{https://tex.stackexchange.com}}). Questions on StackExchange are stated in the natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information needed, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropriate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answer is then marked as such with a green checkmark and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically reflect the quality and importance of the respective question or answers. Answers with a high voting score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also influences a user's reputation \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}\footref{stackexchangetour}. When a post (question or answer) is voted upon the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges/vote-down}}.
Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008\footnote{\label{atwood2008stack}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2008/08/01/stack-overflow-private-beta-begins/}}. Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics\footnote{\label{stackexchangetour}\url{https://stackexchange.com/tour}}, for instance, programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url{https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and typesetting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url{https://tex.stackexchange.com}}). Questions on StackExchange are stated in the natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information needed, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropriate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answer is then marked as such with a green checkmark and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically reflect the quality and importance of the respective question or answers. Answers with a high voting score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also influences a user's reputation \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}\footref{stackexchangetour}. When a post (question or answer) is voted upon, the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges/vote-down}}.
Reputation on StackExchange indicates how trustworthy a user is. To gain a high reputation value a user has to invest a lot of time and effort to reach a high reputation value by asking good questions and posting good answers to questions. Reputation also unlocks privileges which may differ slightly from one community to another\footnote{\url{https://mathoverflow.com/help/privileges/}}\mfs\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges/}}.
With privileges, users can, for instance, create new tags if the need for a new tag arises, cast votes on closing or reopening questions if the question is off-topic or a duplicate of another question, or when a question had been closed for no or a wrong reason, or even get access to moderation tools.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ All these communities differ in their design. Wikipedia is a community-driven kn
CQA sites are very effective at code review \cite{treude2011programmers}. Code may be understood in the traditional sense of source code in programming-related fields but this also translates to other fields, for instance, mathematics where formulas represent code. CQA sites are also very effective at solving conceptual questions. This is due to the fact that people have different areas of knowledge and expertise \cite{robillard1999role} and due to the large user base established CQA sites have, which again increases the variety of users with expertise in different fields.
\subsection{Running an online community}
Despite the differences in purpose and manifestation of these communities, they are social communities and they have to follow certain laws. In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design`` \cite{kraut2012building} \citeauthor{kraut2012building} lie out five equally important criteria online platforms have to fulfill in order to thrive:
Despite the differences in purpose and manifestation of these communities, they are social communities and they have to follow certain laws. In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design`` \cite{kraut2012building} \citeauthor{kraut2012building} lay out five equally important criteria online platforms have to fulfill in order to thrive:
1) When starting a community, it has to have a critical mass of users who create content. StackOverflow already had a critical mass of users from the beginning due to the StackOverflow team already being experts in the domain \cite{mamykina2011design} and the private beta\footref{atwood2008stack}. Both aspects ensured a strong community core early on.
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ The onboarding process of new users is a permanent challenge for online communit
\textbf{One-day-flies}\\
\citeauthor{slag2015one} investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once and called them one-day-flies. They suggest that code example quality is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers and comments to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discourages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community\footnote{\label{silge2019welcome}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2018/07/10/welcome-wagon-classifying-comments-on-stack-overflow/}}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruiting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming.
One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open-source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified several social barriers preventing newcomers from placing their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open-source projects. The lack of support and peers to ask for help hinders them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challenges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia}} and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activity which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} proposed a solution by establishing a framework that automatically creates questionnaires to fill this gap. This also helps match new contributors with more experienced contributors that could help newcomers when they face a problem.
One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open-source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified several social barriers preventing newcomers from placing their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open-source projects. The lack of support and peers to ask for help hinders them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challenges when editing articles \cite{yazdanian2019eliciting}. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles\footnote{\url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Size_of_Wikipedia}} and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activity which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} proposed a solution by establishing a framework that automatically creates questionnaires to fill this gap. This also helps match new contributors with more experienced contributors that could help newcomers when they face a problem.
\citeauthor{allen2006organizational} showed that the one-time-contributors phenomenon also translates to workplaces and organizations \cite{allen2006organizational}. They found out that socialization with other members of an organization plays an important role in turnover. The better the socialization within the organization the less likely newcomers are to leave. This socialization process has to be actively pursued by the organization.
\textbf{Lurking}\\
@@ -105,7 +105,8 @@ One-day-flies may partially be a result of lurking. Lurking is consuming content
% DONE Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior \cite{nonnecke2006non} about lurking, many programmers do that probably, not even registering, lurking not a bad behavior but observing, lurkers are more introverted, passive behavior, less optimistic and positive than posters, prviously lurking was thought of free riding, not contributing, taking not giving to comunity, important for getting to know a community, better integration when joining
\textbf{Reflection}\\
The StackOverflow team acknowledged the one-time-contributors trend\footref{hanlon2018stack}\footref{silge2019welcome} and took efforts to make the site more welcoming to new users\footnote{\label{friend2018rolling}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2018/06/21/rolling-out-the-welcome-wagon-june-update/}}. They lied out various reasons: Firstly, they have sent mixed messages whether the site is an expert site or for everyone. Secondly, they gave too little guidance to new users which resulted in poor questions from new users and in the unwelcoming behavior of more integrated users towards the new users. New users do not know all the rules and nuances of communication in the communities. An example is that ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` are not well received on the site as they are deemed unnecessary. Also the quality, clearness, and language quality of the questions of new users is lower than more experienced users which leads to unwelcoming or even toxic answers and comments. Moreover, users who gained moderation tool access could close questions with predefined reasons which often are not meaningful enough for the poster of the question\footnote{\label{hanlon2013war}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2013/06/25/the-war-of-the-closes/}}. Thirdly, marginalized groups, for instance, women and people of color \cite{ford2016paradise}\footref{hanlon2018stack}\mfs\footnote{\label{stackoversurvey2019}\url{https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019}}, are more likely to drop out of the community due to unwelcoming behavior from other users\footref{hanlon2018stack}. They feel the site is an elitist and hostile place.
The StackOverflow team acknowledged the one-time-contributors trend\footref{hanlon2018stack}\footref{silge2019welcome} and took efforts to make the site more welcoming to new users\footnote{\label{friend2018rolling}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2018/06/21/rolling-out-the-welcome-wagon-june-update/}}. They layed out various reasons: Firstly, they have sent mixed messages whether the site is an expert site or for everyone. Secondly, they gave too little guidance to new users which resulted in poor questions from new users and in the unwelcoming behavior of more integrated users towards the new users. New users do not know all the rules and nuances of communication in the communities. An example is that ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` are not well received on the site as they are deemed unnecessary. Also the quality, clearness, and language quality of the questions of new users is lower than more experienced users which leads to unwelcoming or even toxic answers and comments. Moreover, users who gained moderation tool access could close questions with predefined reasons which often are not meaningful enough for the poster of the question\footnote{\label{hanlon2013war}\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2013/06/25/the-war-of-the-closes/}}. Thirdly, marginalized groups, for instance, women and people of color \cite{ford2016paradise}\footref{hanlon2018stack}\mfs\footnote{\label{stackoversurvey2019}\url{https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2019}}, are more likely to drop out of the community due to unwelcoming behavior from other users\footref{hanlon2018stack}. They feel the site is an elitist and hostile place.
The team suggested several steps to mitigate these problems. Some of these steps include appealing to the users to be more welcoming and forgiving towards new users\footref{hanlon2018stack}\footref{silge2019welcome}\mfs\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.blog/2012/07/20/kicking-off-the-summer-of-love/}}, other steps are geared towards changes to the platform itself: The \emph{Be nice policy} (code of conduct) was updated with feedback from the community\footnote{\url{https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/240839/the-new-new-be-nice-policy-code-of-conduct-updated-with-your-feedback}}. This includes: new users should not be judged for not knowing all things. Furthermore, the closing reasons were updated to be more meaningful to the poster, and questions that are closed are shown as ''on hold`` instead of ''closed`` for the first 5 days\footref{hanlon2013war}. Moreover, the team investigates how the comment sections can be improved to lessen the unwelcomeness and hostility and keep civility up.
\textbf{Mentorship Research Project}\\
@@ -128,9 +129,9 @@ For this project, four mentors were hand-selected and therefore the project woul
% Rolling out the Welcome Wagon: June Update \cite{friend2018rolling} “Ask a Question Wizard” prototype, reduce exclusion (negative feelings, expectations and experiences), improve inclusion (learn from other communities facing similar problems), classification of abusive and unwelcoming comments
%Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange; not so strong; maybe other sentence
%Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange; not so strong; maybe xother sentence
\textbf{Unwelcomeness}\\
Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{ford2016paradise}\footref{friend2018rolling}\footref{hanlon2018stack}. Although unwelcomeness affects all new users, users from marginalized groups suffer significantly more \cite{vasilescu2014gender}\footref{hanlon2018stack}. \citeauthor{ford2016paradise} investigated barriers users face when contributing to StackOverflow. The authors identified 14 barriers in total hindering newcomers to contribute and five barriers were rated significantly more problematic for women than men. On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015\footnote{\url{https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2015}}, 7.9\% 2019\footref{stackoversurvey2019}) of active users identify as women. \citeauthor{david2008community} found similar results of 5\% women in their work on \emph{Community-based production of open-source software} \cite{david2008community}. These numbers are comparatively small to the number of degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) \cite{clark2005women} where 20\% are achieved by women \cite{hill2010so}. Despite the difference, the percentage of women on StackOverflow has increased in recent years.
Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{ford2016paradise}\footref{hanlon2018stack}\footref{friend2018rolling}. Although unwelcomeness affects all new users, users from marginalized groups suffer significantly more \cite{vasilescu2014gender}\footref{hanlon2018stack}. \citeauthor{ford2016paradise} investigated barriers users face when contributing to StackOverflow. The authors identified 14 barriers in total hindering newcomers to contribute and five barriers were rated significantly more problematic for women than men. On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015\footnote{\url{https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2015}}, 7.9\% 2019\footref{stackoversurvey2019}) of active users identify as women. \citeauthor{david2008community} found similar results of 5\% women in their work on \emph{Community-based production of open-source software} \cite{david2008community}. These numbers are comparatively small to the number of degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) \cite{clark2005women} where 20\% are achieved by women \cite{hill2010so}. Despite the difference, the percentage of women on StackOverflow has increased in recent years.
%discrimitation
% DONE Paradise Unplugged: Identifying Barriers for Female Participation on Stack Overflow \cite{ford2016paradise} gender gap, females only 5\%, contribution barriers, found 5 gender specific (women) barriers among 14 barrier in total, barriers also affect groups like industry programmers
@@ -470,7 +471,7 @@ This shortcoming was addressed by \citeauthor{hutto2014vader} who introduced a n
% ursprüngliches paper ITS, wie hat man das früher (davor) gemacht
\subsection{Trend analysis}
When introducing a change to a system (experiment), one often wants to know whether the intervention achieves its intended purpose. This leads to 3 possible outcomes: a) the intervention shows an effect and the system changes in the desired way, b) the intervention shows an effect and the system changes in an undesired way, or c) the system did not react at all to the change. There are multiple ways to determine which of these outcomes occur. To analyze the behavior of the system, data from before and after the intervention as well as the nature of the intervention has to be acquired. The are multiple ways to run such an experiment and one has to choose which type of experiment fits best. There are 2 categories of approaches: actively creating an experiment where one designs the experiment before it is executed (for example randomized control trials in medical fields), or using existing data of an experiment that was not designed beforehand, or when setting up a designed experiment is not possible (quasi-experiment).
When introducing a change to a system (experiment), one often wants to know whether the intervention achieves its intended purpose. This leads to 3 possible outcomes: a) the intervention shows an effect and the system changes in the desired way, b) the intervention shows an effect and the system changes in an undesired way, or c) the system did not react at all to the change. There are multiple ways to determine which of these outcomes occur. To analyze the behavior of the system, data from before and after the intervention as well as the nature of the intervention has to be acquired. There are multiple ways to run such an experiment and one has to choose which type of experiment fits best. There are 2 categories of approaches: actively creating an experiment where one designs the experiment before it is executed (for example randomized control trials in medical fields), or using existing data of an experiment that was not designed beforehand, or when setting up a designed experiment is not possible (quasi-experiment).
As this thesis investigates a change that has already been implemented by another party, this thesis covers quasi-experiments. A tool that is often used for this purpose is an \emph{Interrupted Time Series} (ITS) analysis. The ITS analysis is a form of segmented regression analysis, where data from before, after, and during the intervention is regressed with separate line segements\cite{mcdowall2019interrupted}. ITS requires data at (regular) intervals from before and after the intervention (time series). The interrupt signifies the intervention and the time when it occurred must be known. The intervention can be at a single point in time or it can be stretched out over a certain time span. This property must also be known to take into account when designing the regression. Also, as the data is acquired from a quasi-experiment, it may be baised\cite{bernal2017interrupted}, for example, seasonality, time-varying confounders (for example, a change in measuring data), variance in the number of single observations grouped together in an interval measurement, etc. These biases need to be addressed if present. Seasonality can be accounted for by subtracting the average value of each of the months in successive years (i.e. subtract the average value of all Januaries in the data set from the values in Januaries).
%\begin{lstlisting}