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\chapter{Introduction} \chapter{Introduction}
%inculde template before writing
%grammarly checks %grammarly checks
% stackexchange and how it developed via stackoverflow \cite{mamykina2011design} good description of SO % stackexchange and how it developed via stackoverflow \cite{mamykina2011design} good description of SO
@@ -16,12 +15,12 @@
% vader library % vader library
% stackexchange new contriutor post: https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/314287/come-take-a-look-at-our-new-contributor-indicator?cb=1 % stackexchange new contriutor post: https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/314287/come-take-a-look-at-our-new-contributor-indicator?cb=1
% what did change intend? % what did change intend?
% how is change investigated by me % how is change investigated by this thesis
%write a bit about results %write a bit about results
%write about next chapters %write about next chapters
The remaining part of this thesis is structured as follows: Section 2 explains StackExchange and how it works. Section 3 shows the method this thesis uses for analysis. Section 4 contains the investigated datasets. Results are presented in Section 5 and discussed in Section 6. Section 7 conculdes this thesis.

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\section{Background} \section{Background}
StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is a community question and answering (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community-driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchange platform are publicly visible and accessible for web search engines allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answers posted, creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into. StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is a community question and answering (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers as an appropriate solution to the question, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community-driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchange platform are publicly visible, allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. Posts are also accessible for web search engines so users can find questions and anwsers easily with a simple web search. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answers potsed, creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into.
Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008 \cite{atwood2008stack}. Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008 \cite{atwood2008stack}.
Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics \cite{stackexchangetour}, for instance, programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url {https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and typesetting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url {https://tex.stackexchange.com}}). Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics \cite{stackexchangetour}, for instance, programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url {https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and typesetting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url {https://tex.stackexchange.com}}).
Questions on StackExchange are stated in natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information need, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropriate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answers are then marked as such and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically represent the quality of the respective question or answers. Answers with a high score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also influences a user's reputation \cite{stackexchangetour, movshovitz2013analysis}. When a post (question or answers) is voted upon the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted \cite{stackoverflowvotedown}. Questions on StackExchange are stated in natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information need, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropriate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answer is then marked as such with a green checkmark and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically reflect the quality and importance of the respective question or answers. Answers with a high voting score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also influences a user's reputation \cite{stackexchangetour, movshovitz2013analysis}. When a post (question or answers) is voted upon the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted \cite{stackoverflowvotedown}.
Reputation on StackExchange indicates how trustworthy a user is. To gain a high reputation value a user has to invest a lot of time and effort to reach a high reputation value by asking good questions and posting good answers to questions. Reputation also unlocks privileges which may differ slightly from one community to another \cite{stackoverflowprivileges, mathoverflowprivileges}. Reputation on StackExchange indicates how trustworthy a user is. To gain a high reputation value a user has to invest a lot of time and effort to reach a high reputation value by asking good questions and posting good answers to questions. Reputation also unlocks privileges which may differ slightly from one community to another \cite{stackoverflowprivileges, mathoverflowprivileges}.
With privileges, users can, for instance, create new tags, cast votes on closing or reopening questions, or even get access to moderation tools. With privileges, users can, for instance, create new tags if the need for a new tag arises, cast votes on closing or reopening questions if the question is off-topic or a duplicate of another question, or when a question had been closed for no or a wrong reason, or even get access to moderation tools.
StackExchange also employs a badge system to steer the community \cite{stackoverflowbadges}. Some badges can be obtained by performing one-time actions, for instance, reading the tour page, or by performing certain actions multiple times, for instance, editing and answering the same question within 12 hours. StackExchange also employs a badge system to steer the community \cite{stackoverflowbadges}. Some badges can be obtained by performing one-time actions, for instance, reading the tour page which contains necessary details for newly registered users, or by performing certain actions multiple times, for instance, editing and answering the same question within 12 hours.
Furthermore, users can comment on every question and answer. This can be used for further clarifying an answer or a short discussion on a question or answer. Furthermore, users can comment on every question and answer. Comments could be used for further clarifying an answer or a short discussion on a question or answer.
For each community on StackExchange, a ``Meta'' page is offered where members of the respective community can discuss the associated community \cite{stackoverflowmeta, mamykina2011design}. This place is used by site admins to interact with the community. The Meta pages are also used for proposing and voting on new features and reporting bugs. These Meta pages run the same software as the CQA pages so users on vote the ideas and suggestions in the same way they would do on the actual CQA sites. For each community on StackExchange, a \emph Meta page is offered where members of the respective community can discuss the associated community \cite{stackoverflowmeta, mamykina2011design}. This place is used by site admins to interact with the community. The \emph Meta pages are also used for proposing and voting on new features and reporting bugs. \emph Meta pages run the same software as the normal CQA pages so users on vote the ideas and suggestions in the same way they would do on the actual CQA sites.
\begin{figure} \begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.47]{figures/stackoverflow_example_post} \includegraphics[scale=0.47]{figures/stackoverflow_example_post}
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ For each community on StackExchange, a ``Meta'' page is offered where members of
\section{State of the Art} \section{State of the Art}
Since the introduction of Web 2.0 and the subsequential spawning of platforms for social interaction, researchers started investigating the emerging online communities. The Social Sciences focus on the interactions of users on various platforms. Community knowledge platforms are of special interest, for instance, StackExchange \cite{}, Quora \cite{}, Reddit \cite{lin2017better, chandrasekharan2017you}, Yahoo! Answers \cite{bian2008finding}, and Wikipedia \cite{yazdanian2019eliciting}. %TODO add refs Since the introduction of Web 2.0 and the subsequential spawning of platforms for social interaction, researchers started investigating the emerging online communities. The Social Sciences focus on the interactions of users on various platforms. Community knowledge platforms are of special interest, for instance, StackExchange \cite{}, Quora \cite{}, Reddit \cite{lin2017better, chandrasekharan2017you}, Yahoo! Answers \cite{bian2008finding}, and Wikipedia \cite{yazdanian2019eliciting}. %TODO add refs %TODO The Social Science urgh
%TODO more text here %TODO more text here
These platforms allow communication over large distances and facilitate fast and easy knowledge exchange and aquisition. They connect thousands or even millions of users and create valuable repositories of knowledge. However, not every piece of information is factual \cite{bian2008finding} and platforms often employ some kind of moderation to keep up the value of the platform. These platforms allow communication over large distances and facilitate fast and easy knowledge exchange and aquisition. They connect thousands or even millions of users and create valuable repositories of knowledge. However, not every piece of information is factual \cite{bian2008finding} and platforms often employ some kind of moderation to keep up the value of the platform.
%allow communitcation over large distances %allow communitcation over large distances
@@ -67,12 +67,11 @@ These platforms allow communication over large distances and facilitate fast and
% DONE How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions % DONE How Do Programmers Ask and Answer Questions on the Web? \cite{treude2011programmers} qa sites very effective at code review and conceptual questions
% DONE The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise % DONE The role of knowledge in software development \cite{robillard1999role} people have different areas of knowledge and expertise
All these communities differ in their design. Wikipedia is a community-driven knowledge repository where articles are created and edited collaboratively. Reddit is a platform for social interaction where users create posts and comment on other posts or comments. Quora, StackExchange, and Yahoo! Answers are community questions and answer (CQA) platforms. On Quora and Yahoo! Answers users can ask any question regarding any topics whereas on StackExchange users have to post their questions in the appropriate subcommunity, for instance, StackOverflow for programming related questions or MathOverflow for math related questions. CQA sites are very effective at code review \cite{treude2011programmers}. Code may be understood in the traditional sense of source code in programming related fields but this also translates to other fields, for instance, mathematics where formulas represent code. CQA sites are also very effective at solving conceptual questions. This is due to the fact that people have different areas of knowledge and expertise \cite{robillard1999role} and due to the large user base established CQA sites have, which again increases the variety of users. All these communities differ in their design. Wikipedia is a community-driven knowledge repository and consists of a collection of articles. Every user can create an article. Articles are edited collaboratively and continually improved an expanded. Reddit is a platform for social interaction where users create posts and comment on other posts or comments. Quora, StackExchange, and Yahoo! Answers are community questions and answer (CQA) platforms. On Quora and Yahoo! Answers users can ask any question regarding any topics whereas on StackExchange users have to post their questions in the appropriate subcommunity, for instance, StackOverflow for programming related questions or MathOverflow for math related questions. CQA sites are very effective at code review \cite{treude2011programmers}. Code may be understood in the traditional sense of source code in programming related fields but this also translates to other fields, for instance, mathematics where formulas represent code. CQA sites are also very effective at solving conceptual questions. This is due to the fact that people have different areas of knowledge and expertise \cite{robillard1999role} and due to the large user base established CQA sites have, which again increases the variety of users with experise in different fields.
Despite the differences in purpose and manifestation of these communities, they are social communities and they have to follow certain laws. Despite the differences in purpose and manifestation of these communities, they are social communities and they have to follow certain laws.
In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design`` \cite{kraut2012building} Kraut lie out five equally important criteria online platforms have to fulfill in order to thrive. 1) When starting a community has to have a critical mass of users who create content. StackOverflow already had a critical mass of users from the beginning due to the StackOverflow team already being experts in the domain \cite{mamykina2011design} and the private beta \cite{atwood2008stack}. Both aspects ensured a strong community core early on. In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social design`` \cite{kraut2012building} Kraut lie out five equally important criteria online platforms have to fulfill in order to thrive. 1) When starting a community has to have a critical mass of users who create content. StackOverflow already had a critical mass of users from the beginning due to the StackOverflow team already being experts in the domain \cite{mamykina2011design} and the private beta \cite{atwood2008stack}. Both aspects ensured a strong community core early on.
2) The platform must attract new users to grow as well as to replace leaving users. Depending on the type of community new users should bring certain skills, for example, programming background in open source software, or extended knowledge on certain domains; or qualities, for example, a certain illness in medical communities. New users also bring the challenge of onboarding with them. They will not be familiar with all the rules and nuances of the community. %TODO add ref 2) The platform must attract new users to grow as well as to replace leaving users. Depending on the type of community new users should bring certain skills, for example, programming background in open source software developement, or extended knowledge on certain domains; or qualities, for example, a certain illness in medical communities. New users also bring the challenge of onboarding with them. Most newcomers will not be familiar with all the rules and nuances of the community \cite{yazdanian2019eliciting, hanlon2018stack}. 3) The platform should encourage users to commit to the community. Online communities are often based on voluntary commitment of their users \cite{ipeirotis2014quizz}, hence the platform has to ensure users are willing to stay. Most platforms do not have contracts with their users, so users should see benefits for staying with the community. 4) Contribution by users to the community should be encouraged. Content generation and engagement are the backbone of an online community. 5) The community needs regulation to sustain it. Not every user in a community is interested in the wellbeing of the community. Therefore, every community has to deal with trolls and inappropriate or even destructive behavior. Rules need to be established and enforced to limit and mitigate the damage malicious users cause.
3) The platform should encourage users to commit to the community. Online communities are often based on voluntary of their users \cite{ipeirotis2014quizz}, hence the platform has to ensure users are willing to stay. Most platforms do not have contracts with their users, so users should see benefits for staying with the community. 4) Contribution by users to the community should be encouraged. Content generation and engagement are the backbone of an online community. 5) The community needs regulation to sustain the community. Not every user in a community is interested in the wellbeing of the community. Therefore, every community has to deal with trolls and inappropriate or even destructive behavior. Rules need to be established and enforced to limit and mitigate the damage malicious users cause.
%new structure: %new structure:
% list community knowledge platforms % list community knowledge platforms
@@ -83,24 +82,24 @@ In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social
% - encouraging contribution: online communities need contributions by users (not lurking), content is foundation of community, contributions by users follows power law (usally, also confirmed in my results) % - encouraging contribution: online communities need contributions by users (not lurking), content is foundation of community, contributions by users follows power law (usally, also confirmed in my results)
% - regualting behavior: maintain a funtioning community, prevent troll, inappropiate behavior, limit damage if it occurs, ease of entry & exit -> high turnover % - regualting behavior: maintain a funtioning community, prevent troll, inappropiate behavior, limit damage if it occurs, ease of entry & exit -> high turnover
All these criteria are heavily intertwined, so for the purposes of this thesis, these criteria can be grouped into two main categories: 1) onboarding of new users, 2) keeping users engaged, contributing, and well behaved. %TODO write how intertwined
All these criteria are heavily intertwined. So for the purpose of this thesis, these criteria can be grouped into two main categories: 1) onboarding of new users, 2) keeping users engaged, contributing, and well behaved.
\subsection{Onboarding of new users} \subsection{Onboarding of new users}
The onboarding process is a permanent challenge for online communities. The onboarding process differs from one platform to another. \citeauthor{slag2015one} investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once. They suggest that code example quality is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discourages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community \cite{silge2019welcome}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruiting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming. The onboarding process is a permanent challenge for online communities and differs from one platform to another. \citeauthor{slag2015one} investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once and called them one-day-flies. They suggest that code example quality is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers and comments to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discourages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community \cite{silge2019welcome}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruiting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming.
One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open-source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified several social barriers preventing newcomers to place their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open source projects hindering them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challenges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles \cite{sizeofwikipedia} and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activity which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} proposed a solution by establishing a framework that automatically creates questionnaires to fill this gap. This also helps matching new contributors with more experienced contributors. One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open-source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified several social barriers preventing newcomers to place their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open source projects. The lack of support and peers to ask for help hinders them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challenges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles \cite{sizeofwikipedia} and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activity which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} proposed a solution by establishing a framework that automatically creates questionnaires to fill this gap. This also helps matching new contributors with more experienced contributors that could help newcomers when they face a problem.
\citeauthor{allen2006organizational} showed that the one-time-contributors phenomenon also translates to workplaces and organizations \cite{allen2006organizational}. They found out that socialization with other members of an organization plays an important role in turnover. The better the socialization within the organization the less likely newcomers are to leave. This socialization process has to be actively pursued by the organization. \citeauthor{allen2006organizational} showed that the one-time-contributors phenomenon also translates to workplaces and organizations \cite{allen2006organizational}. They found out that socialization with other members of an organization plays an important role in turnover. The better the socialization within the organization the less likely newcomers are to leave. This socialization process has to be actively pursued by the organization.
One-day-flies may partially be a result of lurking. Lurking is consuming content generated by a community but not contributing content to it. \citeauthor{nonnecke2006non} investigated lurking behavior on Microsoft Network (MSN) \cite{nonnecke2006non}. They found that contrary to what previous studies lurking is not necessarily a bad behavior. Lurkers show passive behavior and are more introverted and less optimistic than actively posting members of a community. Previous studies suggested lurking is free riding, a taking-rather-than-giving process. However, the authors found that lurking is important in getting to know a community, how a community works and learning the nuances of social interactions on the platform. This allows for better integration into the community when a person joins the community. StackExchange, especially the StackOverflow community, probably has a large lurking audience. Many programmers do not register on the site and those who do only ask one question and revert to lurking, as suggested by \cite{slag2015one}. One-day-flies may partially be a result of lurking. Lurking is consuming content generated by a community but not contributing content to it. \citeauthor{nonnecke2006non} investigated lurking behavior on Microsoft Network (MSN) \cite{nonnecke2006non} and found that contrary to previous studies lurking is not necessarily a bad behavior. Lurkers show passive behavior and are more introverted and less optimistic than actively posting members of a community. Previous studies suggested lurking is free riding, a taking-rather-than-giving process. However, the authors found that lurking is important in getting to know a community, how a community works and learning the nuances of social interactions on the platform. This allows for better integration into the community when a person decides to join the community. StackExchange, and especially the StackOverflow community, probably has a large lurking audience. Many programmers do not register on the site and those who do only ask one question and revert to lurking, as suggested by \cite{slag2015one}.
% DONE Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior \cite{nonnecke2006non} about lurking, many programmers do that probably, not even registering, lurking not a bad behavior but observing, lurkers are more introverted, passive behavior, less optimistic and positive than posters, prviously lurking was thought of free riding, not contributing, taking not giving to comunity, important for getting to know a community, better integration when joining % DONE Non-public and public online community participation: Needs, attitudes and behavior \cite{nonnecke2006non} about lurking, many programmers do that probably, not even registering, lurking not a bad behavior but observing, lurkers are more introverted, passive behavior, less optimistic and positive than posters, prviously lurking was thought of free riding, not contributing, taking not giving to comunity, important for getting to know a community, better integration when joining
The StackOverflow team acknowledged the one-time-contributors problem \cite{silge2019welcome, hanlon2018stack} and took efforts to make the site more welcoming to new users \cite{friend2018rolling}. They lied out various reasons: Firstly, they send mixed messages whether the site is an expert site or for everyone. The StackOverflow team acknowledged the one-time-contributors trend \cite{silge2019welcome, hanlon2018stack} and took efforts to make the site more welcoming to new users \cite{friend2018rolling}. They lied out various reasons: Firstly, they have sent mixed messages whether the site is an expert site or for everyone. Secondly, they gave too little guidance to new users which resulted in the unwelcoming behavior of more integrated users towards the new users. New users do not know all the rules and nuances of communication of the communities. An example is that ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` is not well received on the site as they are deemed unnecessary. Also the quality, clearness and language quality of the questions of new users is lower than more experienced users which leads to unwelcoming or even toxic answers and comments. Moreover, users who gained moderation tool access could close questions with predefined reasons which are often not meaningful enough for the poster of the question \cite{hanlon2013war}. Thirdly, marginalized groups, for instance, women and people of color \cite{hanlon2018stack, stackoversurvey2019, ford2016paradise}, are more likely to drop out of the community due to unwelcoming behavior from other users \cite{hanlon2018stack}. They feel the site is an elitist and hostile place.
Secondly, they gave too little guidance to new users which resulted in the unwelcoming behavior of more integrated users towards the new users. New users do not know all the rules and nuances of communication of the communities. An example is that ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` is not well received on the site as they are deemed unnecessary. Also the quality, clearness and language quality of the questions of new users is lower than more experienced users which leads to unwelcoming or even toxic answers and comments. Moreover, users who gained moderation tool access could close questions with predefined reasons which are often not meaningful enough for the poster of the question\cite{hanlon2013war}. Thirdly, marginalized groups, for instance, women and people of color \cite{hanlon2018stack, stackoversurvey2019, ford2016paradise}, are more likely to drop out of the community due to unwelcoming behavior from other users \cite{hanlon2018stack}. They feel the site is an elitist and hostile place. The team suggested several steps to mitigate these problems. Some of these steps include appealing to the users to be more welcoming and forgiving towards new users \cite{spolsky2012kicking, hanlon2018stack, silge2019welcome}, other steps are geared towards changes to the platform itself: The \emph{Be nice policy} (code of conduct) was updated with feedback from the community \cite{jaydles2014the}. This includes: new users should not be judged for not knowing all things. Furthermore, the closing reasons were updated to be more meaningful to the poster, and questions that are closed are shown as ''on hold`` instead of ''closed`` for the first 5 days \cite{hanlon2013war}. Furthermore, the team investigates how the comment sections can be improved to lessen the unwelcomeness and hostility and keep the civility up.
The team suggested several steps to mitigate these problems. Some of these steps include appealing to the users to be more welcoming and forgiving towards new users \cite{spolsky2012kicking, hanlon2018stack, silge2019welcome}, other steps are geared towards changes to the platform itself: The ''Be nice`` policy (code of conduct) was updated with feedback from the community \cite{jaydles2014the}. This includes: new users should not be judged for not knowing all things. Furthermore, the closing reasons were updated to be more meaningful to the poster, and questions that are closed are shown as ''on hold`` instead of ''closed`` for the first 5 days \cite{hanlon2013war}. Furthermore, the team investigates how the comment sections can be improved to lessen the unwelcomeness and hostility and keep the civility up.
The StackOverflow team partnered with \citeauthor{ford2018we} and implemented the Mentorship Research Project \cite{ford2018we, hanlon2017mentorship}. The project lasted one month and aimed to help newcomers improve their first questions before they are posted publicly. When a user is about to post a question the user is asked whether they want their question to be reviewed. If they confirmed they are forward to a help room with a mentor who is an experienced user. The question is then reviewed and the mentor suggests some changes if applicable. These changes may include narrowing the question for more precise answers, adding or adjusting code, or removing of ''Please`` and ''Thank you`` from the question. After the review and editing, the question is posted by the user. The authors found that mentored questions are received significantly better by the community than non-mentored questions. The questions also received higher scores and were less likely to be off-topic and poor in quality. Furthermore, newcomers are more comfortable when their question is reviewed by a mentor. The StackOverflow team partnered with \citeauthor{ford2018we} and implemented the Mentorship Research Project \cite{ford2018we, hanlon2017mentorship}. The project lasted one month and aimed to help newcomers improve their first questions before they are posted publicly. The program went as follows: When a user is about to post a question the user is asked whether they want their question to be reviewed by a mentor. If they confirmed they are forward to a help room with a mentor who is an experienced user. The question is then reviewed and the mentor suggests some changes if applicable. These changes may include narrowing the question for more precise answers, adding a code example or adjusting code, or removing of \emph Please and \emph{Thank you} from the question. After the review and editing, the question is posted by publicly the user. The authors found that mentored questions are received significantly better by the community than non-mentored questions. The questions also received higher scores and were less likely to be off-topic and poor in quality. Furthermore, newcomers are more comfortable when their question is reviewed by a mentor.
This project does not scale very well as the number of mentors is very limited but it gave the authors an idea on how to pursue their goal of increasing the welcomingness of StackExchange. The project is followed up by a ''Ask a question wizard`` to help new as well as more experienced users improve the structure, quality, and clearness of their questions \cite{friend2018rolling}. For this project 4 mentors were hand selected and therefore does not scale very well as the number of mentors is very limited but it gave the authors an idea on how to pursue their goal of increasing the welcomingness of StackExchange. The project is followed up by a \emph{Ask a question wizard} to help new users as well as more experienced users improve the structure, quality, and clearness of their questions \cite{friend2018rolling}.
% DONE One-day flies on StackOverflow \cite{slag2015one}, 1 contribution during whole registration, only user with 6 month of registration % DONE One-day flies on StackOverflow \cite{slag2015one}, 1 contribution during whole registration, only user with 6 month of registration
@@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ This project does not scale very well as the number of mentors is very limited b
Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{friend2018rolling, hanlon2018stack, ford2016paradise}. %TODO maybe more refs Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{friend2018rolling, hanlon2018stack, ford2016paradise}. %TODO maybe more refs
Although unwelcomeness affects all new users, users from marginalized groups suffer significantly more \cite{vasilescu2014gender, hanlon2018stack}. \citeauthor{ford2016paradise} investigated barriers users face when contributing to StackOverflow. The authors identified 14 barriers in total hindering newcomers to contribute and five barriers were rated significantly more problematic for women than men. Although unwelcomeness affects all new users, users from marginalized groups suffer significantly more \cite{vasilescu2014gender, hanlon2018stack}. \citeauthor{ford2016paradise} investigated barriers users face when contributing to StackOverflow. The authors identified 14 barriers in total hindering newcomers to contribute and five barriers were rated significantly more problematic for women than men.
On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015 \cite{stackoversurvey2015}, 7.9\% 2019 \cite{stackoversurvey2019}) of active users identify as women. \citeauthor{david2008community} found similar results of 5\% women in ''Community-based production of open-source software`` \cite{david2008community}. These numbers are comparatively small to the number of degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) \cite{clark2005women} where 20\% are achieved by women \cite{hill2010so}. Despite the difference, the percentage of women on StackOverflow has increased. On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015 \cite{stackoversurvey2015}, 7.9\% 2019 \cite{stackoversurvey2019}) of active users identify as women. \citeauthor{david2008community} found similar results of 5\% women in their work on \emph{Community-based production of open-source software} \cite{david2008community}. These numbers are comparatively small to the number of degrees in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) \cite{clark2005women} where 20\% are achieved by women \cite{hill2010so}. Despite the difference, the percentage of women on StackOverflow has increased in recent years.
%discrimitation %discrimitation
% DONE Paradise Unplugged: Identifying Barriers for Female Participation on Stack Overflow \cite{ford2016paradise} gender gap, females only 5\%, contribution barriers, found 5 gender specific (women) barriers among 14 barrier in total, barriers also affect groups like industry programmers % DONE Paradise Unplugged: Identifying Barriers for Female Participation on Stack Overflow \cite{ford2016paradise} gender gap, females only 5\%, contribution barriers, found 5 gender specific (women) barriers among 14 barrier in total, barriers also affect groups like industry programmers
@@ -136,8 +135,8 @@ On StackOverflow only 5.8\% (2015 \cite{stackoversurvey2015}, 7.9\% 2019 \cite{s
\subsection{Keeping users engaged, contributing and well behaved} \subsection{Keeping users engaged, contributing and well behaved}
Reputation plays a big role on StackExchange and indicates the credibility of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the biggest chunk of all questions is posted by low-reputated users, high-reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answer is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally, and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top-reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analyzing the StackOverflow community, network experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after they registered. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior. Reputation plays a important role on StackExchange and indicates the credibility of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the largest chunk of all questions is posted by low-reputated users, high-reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answer is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally, and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top-reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analyzing the StackOverflow community network, experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after their registeration. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior.
Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advantages to gain reputation faster by gaming the system \cite{bosu2013building}. \citeauthor{bosu2013building} analyzed the reputation system and found five strategies: Firstly, answering questions with tags that have a small expertise density. This reduces competitiveness against other users and increases the chance of upvotes and answer acceptance. Secondly, questions should be answered promptly. The question asker will most likely accept the first arriving answer that solves the question. This is also supported by \cite{anderson2012discovering}. Thirdly, answering first also gives the user an advantage over other answerers. Fourthly, activity during off-peak hours reduces the competition from other users. Finally, contributing to the diverse areas will also help in developing a higher reputation. Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advantages to gain reputation faster by gaming the system \cite{bosu2013building}. \citeauthor{bosu2013building} analyzed the reputation system and found five strategies to increase the reputation in a fast way: Firstly, answering questions with tags that have a small expertise density. This reduces competitiveness against other users and increases the chance of upvotes and answer acceptance. Secondly, questions should be answered promptly. The question asker will most likely accept the first arriving answer that solves the question. This is also supported by \cite{anderson2012discovering}. Thirdly, answering first also gives the user an advantage over other answerers. Fourthly, activity during off-peak hours reduces the competition from other users. Finally, contributing to the diverse areas will also help in developing a higher reputation.
% DONE Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question % DONE Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question