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StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is community question and anwersing (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchangeplatform are publicly visible and accessible for web search engines allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answer posted creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into. StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://stackexchange.com}} is community question and anwersing (CQA) platform where users can ask and answer questions, accept answers, and up-/downvote questions and answers. StackExchange uses a community driven knowledge creation process by allowing everyone who registers to participate in the community. Invested users also get access to moderation tools to help maintain the vast community. All posts on the StackExchangeplatform are publicly visible and accessible for web search engines allowing non-users to benefit from the community as well. StackExchange keeps an archive of all questions and answer posted creating a knowledge archive for future visitors to look into.
Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008 \cite{atwood2008stack}. Originally, StackExchange started with StackOverflow\footnote{\url{https://stackoverflow.com}} in 2008 \cite{atwood2008stack}.
Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics \cite{stackexchangetour}, for instance programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url {https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url {https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and type setting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url {https://tex.stackexchange.com}}). Since then StackExchange grew into a platform hosting sites for 174 different topics \cite{stackexchangetour}, for instance programming (StackOverflow), maths (MathOverflow\footnote{\url {https://mathoverflow.net}} and Math StackExchange\footnote{\url{https://math.stackexchange.com}}), and type setting (TeX/LaTeX\footnote{\url {https://tex.stackexchange.com}}).
Questions on StackExchange are stated in natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information need, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropiate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answers is then marked as such and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically represent the quality of the respective question or answer. Answers with a high score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also has an influence on a user's reputation \cite{stackexchangetour, movshovitz2013analysis}. When a post (question or answers) is voted upon the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted \cite{stackoverflowvotedown}. Questions on StackExchange are stated in natural English language and consist of a title, a body containing a detailed description of the problem or information need, and tags to categorize the question. After a question is posted the community can submit answers to the question. The author of the question can then accept an appropiate answer which satisfies their question. The accepted answers is then marked as such and shown on top of all the other answers. Figure \ref{soexamplepost} shows an example of a StackOverflow question. Questions and answers can be up-/downvoted by every user registered on the site. Votes typically represent the quality of the respective question or answer. Answers with a high score raise to the top of the answer list as answers are sorted by the vote score in descending order by default. Voting also has an influence on a user's reputation \cite{stackexchangetour, movshovitz2013analysis}. When a post (question or answers) is voted upon the reputation of the poster changes accordingly. Furthermore, downvoting of answers also decreases the reputation of the user who voted \cite{stackoverflowvotedown}.
Reputation on StackExchange indicates how trustworthy a user is. To gain a high reputation value a user has to invest a lot of time and effort to reach a high reputation value through asking good questions and posting good answers to questions. Reputation also unlocks priviledges which may differ slightly from one community to another \cite{stackoverflowprivileges, mathoverflowprivileges}. Reputation on StackExchange indicates how trustworthy a user is. To gain a high reputation value a user has to invest a lot of time and effort to reach a high reputation value through asking good questions and posting good answers to questions. Reputation also unlocks priviledges which may differ slightly from one community to another \cite{stackoverflowprivileges, mathoverflowprivileges}.
With priviledges user can, for instance, create new tags, cast votes on closing or reopening questions, or even get access to moderation tools. With priviledges user can, for instance, create new tags, cast votes on closing or reopening questions, or even get access to moderation tools.
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ In their book on ''Building successful online communities: Evidence-based social
All these criteria are heavily intertwined, so for the purposes of this thesis, these criteria can be grouped into two main categries: 1) onboaring of new users, 2) keeping users engaged, contributing, and well behaved. All these criteria are heavily intertwined, so for the purposes of this thesis, these criteria can be grouped into two main categries: 1) onboaring of new users, 2) keeping users engaged, contributing, and well behaved.
\subsection{Onboarding of new users} \subsection{Onboarding of new users}
The onboarding process is a permanent challenge for online communities. The onboarding process differs from one platform to another. \citeauthor{slag2015one} \etal investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once. They suggest that code example quatilty is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discorages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community \cite{silge2019welcome}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming. The onboarding process is a permanent challenge for online communities. The onboarding process differs from one platform to another. \Citeauthor{slag2015one} \etal investigated why many users on StackOverflow only post once after their registration \cite{slag2015one}. They found that 47\% of all users on StackOverflow posted only once. They suggest that code example quatilty is lower than that of more involved users, which often leads to answers to first improve the question and code instead of answering the stated question. This likely discorages new users from using the site further. Negative feedback instead of constructive feedback is another cause for discontinuation of usage. The StackOverflow staff also conducted their own research on negative feedback of the community \cite{silge2019welcome}. They investigated the comment sections of questions by recruting their staff members to rate a set of comments and they found more than 7\% of the reviewed comments are unwelcoming.
One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} \etal investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified serveral social barriers preventing newcomers to place their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open source projects hindering them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challanges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles \cite{} %TODO One-day-flies are not unique to StackOverflow. \citeauthor{steinmacher2015social} \etal investigated the social barriers newcomers face when they submit their first contribution to an open source software project \cite{steinmacher2015social}. They based their work on empirical data and interviews and identified serveral social barriers preventing newcomers to place their first contribution to a project. Furthermore, newcomers are often on their own in open source projects hindering them. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal found that new contributors on Wikipedia face challanges when editing articles. Wikipedia hosts millions of articles \cite{} %TODO
and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activty which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal proposed a solution by establishing a framework which automatically creates questionaires to fill this gap. This also helps matching new contributors with more experienced contributors. and new contributors often do not know which articles they could edit and improve. Recommender systems can solve this problem by suggesting articles to edit but they suffer from the cold start problem because they rely on past user activty which is missing for new contributors. \citeauthor{yazdanian2019eliciting} \etal proposed a solution by establishing a framework which automatically creates questionaires to fill this gap. This also helps matching new contributors with more experienced contributors.
@@ -149,11 +149,13 @@ Different badges also create status classes \cite{immorlica2015social}. The rare
Quality is often concern in online communities. Platform moderators and admins want to keep a certain level of quality or even raise it. However, higher quality posts take more time and effort than lower quality posts. In the case of CQA platforms this is an even bigger problem as higher quality posts fight against fast responses. Despite that, StackOverflow also has a problem with low quality and effort questions and subsequent unwelcoming answers and comments \cite{silge2019welcome}. StackOverflow has grown into large community and larger communities are harder to control. \citeauthor{lin2017better} \etal investigated how growth affects a community. They looked at Reddit communities that where added to the default set of subscribed communities of every new user (defaulting) which resulted in a huge influx of new users to the communties as a result. The authors found that contrary to expectations, the quality stays largely the same. The vote score dips shortly after defaulting but quickly recovers or even raises to higher levels than before. The complaints of low-quality content did not increase and the language used in the community stayed the same. However, the community clustered around fewer posts than before defaulting. Quality is often concern in online communities. Platform moderators and admins want to keep a certain level of quality or even raise it. However, higher quality posts take more time and effort than lower quality posts. In the case of CQA platforms this is an even bigger problem as higher quality posts fight against fast responses. Despite that, StackOverflow also has a problem with low quality and effort questions and subsequent unwelcoming answers and comments \cite{silge2019welcome}. StackOverflow has grown into large community and larger communities are harder to control. \citeauthor{lin2017better} \etal investigated how growth affects a community. They looked at Reddit communities that where added to the default set of subscribed communities of every new user (defaulting) which resulted in a huge influx of new users to the communties as a result. The authors found that contrary to expectations, the quality stays largely the same. The vote score dips shortly after defaulting but quickly recovers or even raises to higher levels than before. The complaints of low-quality content did not increase and the language used in the community stayed the same. However, the community clustered around fewer posts than before defaulting.
\citeauthor{tausczik2011predicting} \etal found reputation is linked to the perceived quality of posts in multiple ways \cite{tausczik2011predicting}. They suggest reputation could be used as an indicator for quality.
Quality also depends on on the type of the platform. \cite{lin2017better} showed that expert sites who charge fees, for instance, library reference services, have higher quality answers compared to free sites. Also, the higher the fee the higher the quality of the answers. However, free community sites outperform expert sites in terms answer density and responsiveness.
% quality % quality
% Predicting the perceived quality of online mathematics contributions from users' reputations \cite{tausczik2011predicting} about mathoverflow and quality % DONE Predicting the perceived quality of online mathematics contributions from users' reputations \cite{tausczik2011predicting} about mathoverflow and quality
% Predictors of Answer Quality in Online Q&A Sites cite{harper2008predictors} 1) shows that fee or expert sites are better than open qa sites (greater fee better answers), 2) big communty sites like Yahoo! Answers outperform sites which depend on experts (e.g. library refernce services) (higher answer diversity and responsiveness) % DONE Predictors of Answer Quality in Online Q&A Sites cite{harper2008predictors} 1) shows that fee or expert sites are better than open qa sites (greater fee better answers), 2) big communty sites like Yahoo! Answers outperform sites which depend on experts (e.g. library refernce services) (higher answer diversity and responsiveness)
% DONE Better When It Was Smaller? Community Content and Behavior After Massive Growth \cite{lin2017better}, defaulting of subreddit, quality remains high, dip in upvotes directly after defaulting but recover quickly and get even higher than before, complaints about low-quality content do not increase, language stays the same, however community clusters among fewer posts than before defaulting % DONE Better When It Was Smaller? Community Content and Behavior After Massive Growth \cite{lin2017better}, defaulting of subreddit, quality remains high, dip in upvotes directly after defaulting but recover quickly and get even higher than before, complaints about low-quality content do not increase, language stays the same, however community clusters among fewer posts than before defaulting
% lowering content quality (Gorbatai 2011) %TODO read and add to list of notizen % lowering content quality (Gorbatai 2011) %TODO read and add to list of notizen

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\input{template/pdf_settings} %% should be *last* definitions in preamble! \input{template/pdf_settings} %% should be *last* definitions in preamble!
%% ======================================================================== %% ========================================================================
%%%% begin{document} %%%% begin{document}
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\include{7_conclusion} \include{7_conclusion}
\bibliographystyle{abbrv} \bibliographystyle{abbrv}
\bibliography{bib.bib} \bibliography{\mybiblatexfile}
\appendix %% closes main document, appendix follows until end; only available in book-classes \appendix %% closes main document, appendix follows until end; only available in book-classes
\addpart*{Appendix} %% adding Appendix to tableofcontents \addpart*{Appendix} %% adding Appendix to tableofcontents