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text/2_relwork.tex

@@ -135,17 +135,18 @@ Unwelcomeness is a large problem on StackExchange \cite{ford2016paradise}\footre
 
 
 \subsection{Keeping users engaged, contributing and well behaved}
-While attracting and onboarding new users is an important step for growing a community, keeping them on the platform and turning them long lasting community members is equally as important for growth as well as sustainability. Users have to feel the benefits of staying with the community. Without the benefits a user has little to no motivation to interact with the community and will most likely drop out of it. Benefits are diverse, however, they can be grouped into 5 categories: information exchange, social support, social interaction, time and location flexibility, and permanency \cite{iriberri2009life}. %TODO look at refs of table 4 in \cite{iriberri2009life} and add refs if applicable
-As StackExchange is a CQA platform, the benefits from information exchange, time and location flexibility, and permanency are more prevalent, while social support, and social interaction are more in the background. Furthermore, StackExchange is driven by the community and therefore depends even more on the voluntarism of its users, making benefits even more important. %TODO somehwo a ref?
+While attracting and onboarding new users is an important step for growing a community, keeping them on the platform and turning them long lasting community members is equally as important for growth as well as sustainability. Users have to feel the benefits of staying with the community. Without the benefits a user has little to no motivation to interact with the community and will most likely drop out of it. Benefits are diverse, however, they can be grouped into 5 categories: information exchange, social support, social interaction, time and location flexibility, and permanency \cite{iriberri2009life}. 
+As StackExchange is a CQA platform, the benefits from information exchange, time and location flexibility, and permanency are more prevalent, while social support, and social interaction are more in the background. Social support and social interaction are more relevant in communities where individuals communicyte about topics reguarding themselves, for instance, communities where health aspects are the main focus \cite{maloney2005multilevel}. Time and location flexibility is important for all online communities. Information exchange, and permanency are important for StackExchange as it is a large collection of knowledge which mostly does not change over time or from one individual to another. StackExchange' content is driven by the community and therefore depends on the voluntarism of its users, making benefits even more important.
 
-In a community, users can generally be split in 2 groups by motivation to voluntarily contribute: One group acts out of altruism, where users contribute with the reason to help others and do good to the community; the second group acts out of egoism and selfish reasons, for instance, getting recognition from other people \cite{ginsburg2004framework}. Users of the second group still help the community but their primary goal not neccessarily the health of commiunity but gaining reputation and making a name for themselves. Contrary, users of the first group primarly focus on helping the community and see reputation as a positive side effect which also feeds back in their ability to help others. While these groups have different objectives, both groups need recognition of their efforts \cite{iriberri2009life}. There are several methods for recognizing the value a member provides to the community: reputation, awards, trust, identity, etc. \cite{ginsburg2004framework}. %TODO maybe elaborate on reputation, awards, trust, identity, see paper ginsburg2004framework
-
-%TODO first 2 sencentes buuuuu
-Volunarism is always a key part in communities. The backbone of a community is always the user base. Even if the community is lead by a commerical core team, the community is almost always several orders of magnitude greater than the number of the paid employees forming the core team. The core team often provides the infrastructur the community and does some cummunity. However, most of the community work is done by volunteers of the community \cite{butler2002community}. %TODO get number on employees and volunteers on stackexchange/overflow
+The backbone of a community is always the user base and its volunarism to participate with the community. Even if the community is lead by a commerical core team, the community is almost always several orders of magnitude greater than the number of the paid employees forming the core team \cite{butler2002community}. The core team often provides the infrastructur the community and does some cummunity. However, most of the community work is done by volunteers of the community . %TODO get number on employees and volunteers on stackexchange/overflow
 %This is also true for the StackExchange platform where the core team of paid employees is XXX and the number of voluntary community members performing community work is XXX \footnote{\url{LINK}}
 
+In a community, users can generally be split in 2 groups by motivation to voluntarily contribute: One group acts out of altruism, where users contribute with the reason to help others and do good to the community; the second group acts out of egoism and selfish reasons, for instance, getting recognition from other people \cite{ginsburg2004framework}. Users of the second group still help the community but their primary goal not neccessarily the health of commiunity but gaining reputation and making a name for themselves. Contrary, users of the first group primarly focus on helping the community and see reputation as a positive side effect which also feeds back in their ability to help others. While these groups have different objectives, both groups need recognition of their efforts \cite{iriberri2009life}. There are several methods for recognizing the value a member provides to the community: reputation, awards, trust, identity, etc. \cite{ginsburg2004framework}. Reputation, trust, and identity are often reached gradually over time by continuously working on them, awards are reached at discrete points in time. Awards often take some time and effort to achive. However, awards should not be easily achievable as their value come from the work that is required for them\cite{lawler2000rewarding}. They should also be meaningful in the community they are used in. Most importantly, award have to be visible to the public, so other members can see them. In this way, awards become a powerful motivator to users.
 
 
+
+%TODO maybe look at finding of https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.92.3093&rep=rep1&type=pdf , in discussion bullet point list: subgroups, working and less feature > not working and more features, selfmoderation
+
 %good content (quality, quantity)
 %goodies
 
@@ -184,9 +185,10 @@ Volunarism is always a key part in communities. The backbone of a community is a
 %quality
 
 %TODO improve this paragraph, maybe double in length
-StackExchange employes serveral features to engage users with the platform, for instance, the reputation system and the badge system. These systems reward contributing users with achievements and encourages further contribution to the community. Both systems try to keep and increase the quality of the posts on the platform.
+StackExchange employes serveral features to engage users with the platform, for instance, the reputation system and the badge (award) system. These systems reward contributing users with achievements and encourages further contribution to the community. Both systems try to keep and increase the quality of the posts on the platform.
+
+Reputation plays a important role on StackExchange and indicates the credibility of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the largest chunk of all questions is posted by low-reputated users, high-reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answer is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally, and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top-reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analyzing the StackOverflow community network, experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after their registration. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior. 
 
-Reputation plays a important role on StackExchange and indicates the credibility of a user as well as a primary source of answers of high quality \cite{movshovitz2013analysis}. Although the largest chunk of all questions is posted by low-reputated users, high-reputated users post more questions on average. To earn a high reputation a user has to invest a lot of effort and time into the community, for instance, asking good questions or providing useful answers to questions of others. Reputation is earned when a question or answer is upvoted by other users, or if an answer is accepted as the solution to a question by the question creator. \citeauthor{mamykina2011design} found that the reputation system of StackOverflow encourages users to compete productively \cite{mamykina2011design}. But not every user participates equally, and participation depends on the personality of the user \cite{bazelli2013personality}. \citeauthor{bazelli2013personality} showed that the top-reputated users on StackOverflow are more extroverted compared to users with less reputation. \citeauthor{movshovitz2013analysis} found that by analyzing the StackOverflow community network, experts can be reliably identified by their contribution within the first few months after their registeration. Graph analysis also allowed the authors to find spamming users or users with other extreme behavior. 
 Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advantages to gain reputation faster by gaming the system \cite{bosu2013building}. \citeauthor{bosu2013building} analyzed the reputation system and found five strategies to increase the reputation in a fast way: Firstly, answering questions with tags that have a small expertise density. This reduces competitiveness against other users and increases the chance of upvotes and answer acceptance. Secondly, questions should be answered promptly. The question asker will most likely accept the first arriving answer that solves the question. This is also supported by \cite{anderson2012discovering}. Thirdly, answering first also gives the user an advantage over other answerers. Fourthly, activity during off-peak hours reduces the competition from other users. Finally, contributing to diverse areas will also help in developing a higher reputation. %TODO help vamipires, noobs, reputation collectors \cite{srba2016stack}
 
 % DONE Discovering Value from Community Activity on Focused Question Answering Sites: A Case Study of Stack Overflow \cite{anderson2012discovering} accepted answer strongly depends on when answers arrive, considered not only the question and accepted answer but the set of answers to a question
@@ -199,7 +201,9 @@ Although gaining reputation takes time and effort, users can take certain advant
 
 
 Complementary to the reputation system StackOverflow also employs a badge system\footref{stackoverflowbadges} to stimulate contributions by users \cite{cavusoglu2015can}. The goal of badges is to keep users engaged with the community \cite{li2012quantifying}. Therefore, badges are often used in a gamification setting where users contribute to the community and are rewarded for their behavior if it alignes with the requirements of the badges. Badges are visible in questions and answers as well as the profile page of the user and can be earned by performing certain actions. Badges are often seen as a steering mechanism by researchers \cite{yanovsky2019one, kusmierczyk2018causal, anderson2013steering}. Although users want to achieve badges and are therefore steered to perform certain actions, steering also occurs in the reputation system. However, badges allow a wider variety of goals, for instance, asking and answering questions, voting on questions and answers, or writing higher quality answers.
+
 Badges also work as a motivator for users \cite{anderson2013steering}. Users often put in non-trivial amounts of work and effort to achieve badges and so badges become powerful incentives. However, not all users are equal and therefore do not pursue badges in the same way \cite{yanovsky2019one}. Contrary to \cite{anderson2013steering}, \citeauthor{yanovsky2019one} \cite{yanovsky2019one} found that users do not necessarily increase their activity prior to achieving a badge followed by an immediate decrease in contribution thereafter but users behave differently based on their type of contribution. The authors found users can be categorized into three groups: Firstly, some users are not affected at all by the badge system and still contribute a lot to the community. Secondly, users increase their activity too before gaining a badge and keep their level of contribution afterward. Finally, users increase their activity before achieving a badge and return to their previous level of engagement thereafter. 
+
 Different badges also create status classes \cite{immorlica2015social}. The harder a badge can be earned by users, the more unique it is within the community and therefore the badge symbolizes some sort of status. Often rare badges are hard to achieve and take significant effort. For some users, depending on their type, this can be a huge motivator. 
 \citeauthor{kusmierczyk2018causal} found first-time badges play an important role in steering users \cite{kusmierczyk2018causal}. The steering effect only takes place if the benefit to the user is greater than the effort the user has to put into to obtain the badge. If the effort is greater the user will likely not pursue the badge and therefore the steering effect will not occur.